Lament psalms are often imagined as private cries to God. Yet many laments are also directed outward-toward friends, foes, and entire communities. The Social Audience of Prayer reveals how the psalmist's words reach beyond the divine to demand recognition, solidarity, and change from a human audience as well. W. Derek Suderman offers the first sustained study of the social audience in lament psalms, showing how laments consistently engage both God and society. Through close rhetorical analysis, he uncovers shifts in address that highlight the psalmist's strategies for confronting enemies, rallying supporters, and provoking divine action. Individual lament psalms emerge here as multifaceted performances that intertwine theological appeal and social persuasion. Suderman situates this insight within a broader canonical framework, examining how psalm superscriptions, the book of Job, and the passion narrative in the Gospel of Mark extend and reshape the social dynamics of lament. By foregrounding its human audience, The Social Audience of Prayer reframes how scholars understand lament as genre and practice. Suderman demonstrates that laments are not merely vertical cries between an individual and God but complex rhetorical acts that engage God and community together. This study makes a methodological and theological contribution to Psalms research, offering new tools for rhetorical criticism and canonical interpretation. It will interest biblical scholars, theologians, students of Hebrew poetry, and readers seeking to understand how ancient prayers functioned as public, relational acts of faith.