This book explains convergence and non-convergence to – as well as divergence from – EU policy with respect to broader Europeanization showing how it varies considerably in outcome and form across time, policy dimensions and actors.

Examining three EU member states with different statuses and priorities, the book theorises different levels of public policy at play supported by extensive and original data. It compares the ‘EU effect’ with the effects of other security frameworks, including the UN and NATO and – from a perspective of political sociology – argues that the state is best conceptualized as having several ‘social selves’ that are constituted by individual human actors, who act in particular contexts and who are impacted differently by external forces such as the EU.

This book is of key interest to scholars and students of EU foreign, security and defence policy, foreign policy analysis. political sociology, crisis management, migration and more broadly to EU studies, international relations, security and defence studies, and public policy.