Artificial intelligence is transforming industries and society, but its high energy demands challenge global sustainability goals. Biological intelligence, in contrast, offers both good performance and exceptional energy efficiency. Neuromorphic computing, a growing field inspired by the structure and function of the brain, aims to create energy-efficient algorithms and hardware by integrating insights from biology, physics, computer science, and electrical engineering. This concise and accessible book delves into the principles, mechanisms, and properties of neuromorphic systems. It opens with a primer on biological intelligence, describing learning mechanisms in both simple and complex organisms, then turns to the application of these principles and mechanisms in the development of artificial synapses and neurons, circuits, and architectures. The text also delves into neuromorphic algorithm design, and the unique challenges faced by algorithmic researchers working in this area. The book concludes with a selection of practice problems, with solutions available to instructors online.