Tilton examines how cultural, political and economic forces exert pressures on the levels of freedom and equality for female Buddhists within the Buddhist community as well as women’s rights within society.

The book charts women’s spiritual paths over four periods beginning with the Buddha and his revolutionary stance on women, to the creation of a fully ordained female Sa?gha in China – which peaks during the Tang dynasty – and finally to its resurgence in the late Qing and early Republic period, ending with its sharp decline to the near extinction during the Mao Zedong years (1949-1976). As the nun and lay communities arise directly from the broader female community, Tilton argues that there is a direct correlation between women’s rights issues and those of liberties for Buddhist women within the Sa?gha; specifically, women’s equality within “this world” as well as their right to achieve liberation from “this world,” or sa?sara.

Charting the evolution of Buddhist women in China across multiple centuries, this is a valuable resource for academics, researchers and students of Asian Studies, Buddhist Studies, as well as those interested in the intersection of gender and religion.