This book critically examines significant educational challenges in the broader Middle East, using insights from Iraq to explore historical, political, social, racial, religious, linguistic, and sectarian influences on education. It introduces new theoretical perspectives to explain why ineffective educational policies have persisted for the past century and proposes alternative approaches for research and policymaking in the region.

Utilizing grounded theory methodology, the book includes interviews with 20 prominent Iraqi educational policymakers to reveal a shared worldview—termed the Traditional Paradigm—that continues to influence education and policy. It critiques dominant Western paradigms of critical theory and postmodernism for their inability to capture the complexities of the Middle East. Additionally, it introduces the Established Reality Theory, which draws on cognitive psychology and sociology to explain why ineffective policies persist despite shifts in regime. The book provides new insights, policy recommendations, and avenues for research to assist scholars and policymakers in tackling significant educational challenges.

The book is relevant to scholars, researchers, and students in education, Middle Eastern studies, sociology, and political science. It is also valuable for policymakers, educators, and institutions seeking a deeper understanding of educational structures and reform in the Middle East.