The Newly Industrializing Countries (1982) examines the ‘NICs’ of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Brazil as they face the world economy of the 1970s, their exports meeting an increasing number of trade barriers and tariffs as the world moved away from the principles of free trade. The book examines the interplay of political and economic forces in certain manufacturing industries being penetrated by leading Developing World exporters – the NICs. At one end of the spectrum the book looks at the relative ease with which the NICs enter these industries; at the other end, it looks at issues such as the extent to which the NICs are a major source of disruption to established interests, and the degree to which the old economies came to terms with the range of pressures bearing on them.